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# Digital Platform Observatory

## Sitemaps
[XML Sitemap](https://digitalplatformobservatory.org/sitemap_index.xml): Includes all crawlable and indexable pages.

## Posts
- [Hello world!](https://digitalplatformobservatory.org/hello-world-2/): Welcome to WordPress. This is your first post. Edit or delete it, then start writing!
- [Hello world!](https://digitalplatformobservatory.org/hello-world/): Welcome to WordPress. This is your first post. Edit or delete it, then start writing!

## Pages
- [Privacy Policy](https://digitalplatformobservatory.org/privacy-policy/): At the ETUC, we respect everyone’s right to privacy, and want to keep your personal data private. This page sets out what you can expect from the ETUC in how we collect and process any data about you.
- [Legal Notice](https://digitalplatformobservatory.org/legal-notice/): Le présent site est édité par :
Confédération Européenne des SyndicatsOrganisation syndicale européenne
Siège social : Boulevard du Jardin Botanique 20 - 1000 Bruxelles - BelgiqueTéléphone : 0475601501Email : mdeshayes@etuc.orgNuméro d’enregistrement : 0883.745.026Numéro de TVA intracommunautaire : BE0883.745.026Directeur de la publication : Tea Jarc, Secrétaire confédérale
- [Resources](https://digitalplatformobservatory.org/resources/): The Platform Work Directive (Directive (EU) 2024/2831) was adopted by the European Union in 2024 to improve working conditions for people working through digital labour platforms. The Directive includes rules on employment status, algorithmic management and transparency in platform work. Member States must transpose the Directive into national law by 2 December 2026.
- [Contact](https://digitalplatformobservatory.org/contact/): If you have any questions, please contact us
- [Trade Unions](https://digitalplatformobservatory.org/trade-unions/): across Europe are organising and representing platform workers. See the list below.
- [Explore](https://digitalplatformobservatory.org/explore/): Explore national developments, legal cases and updates on the transposition of the Platform Work Directive
- [Homepage](https://digitalplatformobservatory.org/): Follow developments, legal cases and initiatives in the field of platform work in Europe.

## Legal Cases
- [Portuguese Supreme Court finds Glovo rider meets criteria to be an employee](https://digitalplatformobservatory.org/legal-case/portuguese-supreme-court-finds-glovo-rider-meets-criteria-to-be-an-employee/): Food delivery couriers for Glovo are employees, the Portuguese Supreme Court of Justice (STJ) found on May 28 2025, bringing clarity to a legal dispute over the issue in the southern European country.
- [Dutch Court of Appeal says Uber driver employment status must be decided case-by-case](https://digitalplatformobservatory.org/legal-case/dutch-court-of-appeal-says-uber-driver-employment-status-must-be-decided-case-by-case/): The Dutch Court of Appeal has ruled that the employment status of Uber drivers cannot be determined on a collective basis. 
- [Italian judiciary takes partial control of Glovo and Deliveroo](https://digitalplatformobservatory.org/legal-case/italian-judiciary-takes-partial-control-of-glovo-and-deliveroo/): The Italian judiciary's bid to clean-up the Italian food delivery industry expanded in March 2026 to include Deliveroo. 
- [Finnish Supreme Court confirms that Wolt riders are employees](https://digitalplatformobservatory.org/legal-case/finnish-supreme-court-confirms-that-wolt-riders-are-employees/): The President of Finnish union PAM called on Wolt to end the "delaying tactics" and employ its riders, after the Finnish Supreme Administrative Court rejected the food delivery platform's appeal on 19 March 2026. 
- [Uber fails to rebut driver’s legal presumption of employment](https://digitalplatformobservatory.org/legal-case/uber-fails-to-rebut-drivers-legal-presumption-of-employment/): The Brussels Labour Court found in June 2025 that an Uber ride hail driver is an employee, overturning the decision of a lower court which had found in favour of Uber in December 2022. 
- [Court of Brussels rules that Uber driver is self-employed](https://digitalplatformobservatory.org/legal-case/court-of-brussels-rules-that-uber-driver-is-self-employed/): In December 2022, the Brussels labour court ruled in favour of Uber in a case filed by an Uber driver against the digital labour platform on the classification of  the worker as employee. The ruling stated that "Uber had no hierarchical control over the driver, that he was free to organize his own work".
- [Uber recognises collective dismissal and pays severance to more than 4000 workers](https://digitalplatformobservatory.org/legal-case/uber-recognises-collective-dismissal-and-pays-severance-to-more-than-4000-workers/): On 13 December 2022, Uber agreed to settle with the Spanish Unions CCOO and UGT and to recognise the collective dismissal of 4.404 workers for its food delivery division, Portier Eats. Uber dismissed these workers in August 2021, after the entry into force of the Spanish “ley riders” (riders’ law). Considering this as a mass lay-off, Spanish Unions went to court to challenge it, but the Spanish High Court initially dismissed their claim. The Supreme Court overturned the decision and mandated a retrial. On 13 December 2022, Uber agreed instead to settle. It has now recognised the collective dismissal and will pay each workers the equivalent of 45 work-days per year worked with the company. Spanish Unions consider this a historic decision, as it is the first time that a collective dismissal has been recognised in the sector of platform delivery work.
- [Court of Pamplona reclassifies 206 Glovo riders as employees](https://digitalplatformobservatory.org/legal-case/court-of-pamplona-reclassifies-206-glovo-riders-as-employees/): The judgment of the Social Court No. 1 of Pamplona has ruled that between the digital labour platform Glovo and its delivery riders there is an employment relationship, and that they are not merely self-employed, as stated by the company.
- [The rider is a subordinate worker: Milan’s Labour Court orders Glovo to reintegrate him](https://digitalplatformobservatory.org/legal-case/the-rider-is-a-subordinate-worker-milans-labour-court-orders-glovo-to-reintegrate-him/): On 29 November 2022, with a first instance decision, Milan’s Labour Court ordered Glovo to reintegrate a rider that had been disconnected and to give him an employment contract. The decision of the Court was based on the Italian Jobs Act (art. 2 of the legislative decree 81/2015). The Jobs Act states that collaborators who cooperate with a company on a continuous basis and whose workplace and work time are determined by the company are hetero-organised and have a right to the same working conditions as subordinate workers. Italian Courts have already ruled that delivery riders belong to this category of workers based on the Jobs Act on previous occasions. This time, however, the Court of Milan went further, stating that the rider was from all points of view a subordinate worker. The rider concerned by the decision took Glovo to Court after the company terminated the collaboration with him due to an alleged unlawful act committed during his shift. The Court ruled in favour of the rider and ordered Glovo to re-hire him with a full-time contract under the collective agreement of the trade sector. Glovo also has to reimburse the rider about 700 euros per each month that passed between the firing and the reintegration of the rider, and must pay social security contributions for the same period.
- [Court of Bologna reclassifies Deliveroo rider as employee](https://digitalplatformobservatory.org/legal-case/court-of-bologna-reclassifies-deliveroo-rider-as-employee/): On 25 February, the Labour Court of Bologna ruled that Stefano Mancuso (rider for Deliveroo and, later, Just Eat) is an employee of Deliveroo. The rider decided to go to Court when his account was deactivated after he refused to sign the Assodelivery-UGL agreement (that was later declared illegal by the Court of Bologna).
- [The Paris Court of Appeal condemns Deliveroo for concealed work](https://digitalplatformobservatory.org/legal-case/the-paris-court-of-appeal-condemns-deliveroo-for-concealed-work/): On July 6th 2022, the Deliveroo platform, which had so far obtained two favourable rulings in second instance (in 2017 and in 2021), was for the first time condemned for "concealed work" by the Paris Court of Appeal, which confirmed the requalification of a courier's service provision contract as an employment contract. The judges also found that moral harassment had occurred, characterising oppressive management.
- [France : The Court of Cassation censures the Court of Appeal’s decision to reclassify a contract of employment](https://digitalplatformobservatory.org/legal-case/france-the-court-of-cassation-censures-the-court-of-appeals-decision-to-reclassify-a-contract-of-employment/): In a decision published on 13 April 2022, the social chamber of the Court of Cassation censured an appeal decision which had reclassified the contractual relationship between a VTC driver and the company Le Cab / Voxtur as an employment contract. The company Voxtur was placed in receivership in June 2020.On 31 January 2015, a VTC driver signed a long-term vehicle rental contract with Voxtur, as well as a contract for membership of the computerised system developed by this company under the name "Le Cab". He brought the matter before the industrial tribunal after the company broke off the contractual relationship in March 2016.The Court of Appeal ruled in his favour on 29 January 2020. The company appealed to the Court of Cassation.The Court of Cassation based its decision on Article L.8221-6 of the Labour Code, according to which a self-employed person is presumed not to be employed, unless it can be proved that there is a subordinate relationship characterised by the power to give instructions, to control their execution and to sanction breaches. This relationship of subordination is assessed according to the "bundle of evidence" method.The evidence found by the Court of Appeal was as follows the absence of freedom for drivers to choose their vehicle; the interdependence between the vehicle rental contract and the platform membership contract; the possibility for the principal to geolocate the drivers in real time, in order to be able to distribute the journeys in an optimised and efficient manner; permanent control of the driver's activity through the setting of the amount of the journeys by the principal; the establishment by the principal of invoices in the name and on behalf of the drivers and the ability to modify the price of the journeys upwards or downwards according to the timetable; a power of sanction characterised by the system of rating the drivers by the passengers.The Court of Appeal had deemed this set of indicators sufficient to characterise an employment contract. The Court of Cassation overturned this decision on the grounds that these indicators do not allow for the qualification of a subordination link.The Court of Cassation did not go back on its case law of 4 March 2020. It sets limits to the characterisation of powers of direction, control and sanction that may lead to the reclassification of the contractual relationship as an employment contract. This decision reminds us that the existence of a legal subordination relationship is based on a set of indicators assessed "in concreto".
- [France : The criminal court of Paris fines Deliveroo 375,000 euros for concealed work](https://digitalplatformobservatory.org/legal-case/france-the-criminal-court-of-paris-fines-deliveroo-375000-euros-for-concealed-work/): On Tuesday 19 April, the Paris criminal court fined Deliveroo France 375,000 euros and gave two former managers of the platform a suspended sentence of twelve months in prison for concealed work. The fine and the sentence are in line with the requisitions of the prosecutor and the civil parties (more than 100 Deliveroo riders).
- [France : According to the criminal chamber of the French  Court of Cassation, the offence of concealed work is not constituted for Click and Walk contributors](https://digitalplatformobservatory.org/legal-case/france-according-to-the-criminal-chamber-of-the-french-court-of-cassation-the-offence-of-concealed-work-is-not-constituted-for-click-and-walk-contributors/): On 5 April 2022, the Criminal Division of the Court of Cassation overturned the decision of the Douai Court of Appeal of 10 February 2020, which had held that the company should have declared its contributors as employees. The Court considers that the company does not have the power, during the execution of the assignment, to control the execution of its directives and to sanction failures. The Court of Cassation could have overturned the decision of the Court of Appeal on the grounds that there was no economic dependence, given the very low remuneration of the participants. However, the Court chose to focus on the definition of the subordination link. As a result, according to the Criminal Division, the offence of concealed work is not constituted, as there is no employment contract.
- [UK : Supreme Court rules that Uber drivers are entitled to workers rights](https://digitalplatformobservatory.org/legal-case/uk-supreme-court-rules-that-uber-drivers-are-entitled-to-workers-rights/): The UK supreme court has dismissed Uber’s appeal against the 2016 landmark employment tribunal ruling that its drivers should be classed as workers with access to the minimum wage and paid holidays. The court concluded that the drivers were workers because of Uber’s level of control over them, including setting fares and not informing them of a passenger’s destination until they were picked up. In detail, it based its decision on these five specific points:
• Uber sets the fares for each ride the drivers carry out and the drivers are not permitted to set their own prices as they would if they were self-employed;
• Uber sets the terms and conditions of using its service;
• Drivers face penalties for cancelling or not accepting rides – sometimes preventing them from working;
• Uber has significant control over the way that drivers work, as they face a rating system. If a drivers’ Uber rating falls below a certain level they face penalties or termination of their contract;
• Uber takes active steps to prevent drivers and passengers from having an agreement outside of the Uber app.
The Court ruled that Uber must consider drivers as workers from the time they log on to the app, until they log off. Workers have more rights than independent contractors but fewer than employees, who are entitled to maternity pay and can challenge unfair dismissal, for example. Uber will not be able to appeal against the ruling
In the aftermath of the ruling, Uber carried out a consultation with drivers. According to British trade unions, the questionnaire offers a limited choice of answers on questions about benefits and flexible working without mentioning holiday pay or the national minimum wage – both of which the court found Uber drivers were entitled to. Steve Garelick, a regional organiser for the GMB union, said: “These are loaded questions to get the answer they need.” Uber declared it would share the results of the survey publicly.
- [UK : Court of Appeal in England and Wales rejects Deliveroo delivery worker’s claim for reclassification as a worker](https://digitalplatformobservatory.org/legal-case/uk-court-of-appeal-in-england-and-wales-rejects-deliveroo-delivery-workers-claim-for-reclassification-as-a-worker/): Britain's Court of Appeal confirmed on Thursday that riders for food delivery firm Deliveroo were self-employed, dismissing a union appeal against past judgments on their status.
The Independent Workers Union of Great Britain (IWGB) had applied to the Central Arbitration Committee (CAC) to be recognised by Deliveroo for collective bargaining in respect of a group of riders. On 14 November 2017, the CAC issued its decision declining to accept the application. According to the CAC, riders were not workers because Deliveroo did not require them to carry out their services in person, but allowed substitutions. IWGB appealed the decision, but the Court of Appeal unanimously dismissed the appeal, confirming that Deliveroo's riders do not have an obligation to provide services personally and considering this a material factor.
Deliveroo said it was the fourth court judgment in Britain which had determined its riders were self-employed, after one by the Central Arbitration Committee and two at the High Court. IWGB is expected to appeal the decision.
- [France : The social chamber of the Cour de cassation requalifies the partnership contract of an Uber driver as an employment contract](https://digitalplatformobservatory.org/legal-case/france-the-social-chamber-of-the-cour-de-cassation-requalifies-the-partnership-contract-of-an-uber-driver-as-an-employment-contract/): This decision is the second that the social chamber of the Court of Cassation has issued on the subject of platform workers, after the decision in the Take Eat Easy case (Soc., 28 November 2018, pourvoi n° 17-20.079). It rejects an appeal against a decision admitting a request for requalification. The judgment was strongly reasoned, with publication for the first time of a press release in English.
- [Spain : The high Court of Justice of Aragon confirms 57 Deliveroo riders are workers](https://digitalplatformobservatory.org/legal-case/spain-the-high-court-of-justice-of-aragon-confirms-57-deliveroo-riders-are-workers/): The High Court of Justice of Aragon dismissed Deliveroo’s appeal against a ruling by a Saragoza Court of 27 April 2020 and confirmed that 57 riders who worked through Deliveroo over the period between February and November 2017 were workers (“trabajadores por cuenta ajena”). The ruling followed criteria established by the Supreme Court. Among the reasons for the ruling, the High Court observed that riders did not participate in the organisation of the delivery activities, nor in any managerial task such as, for example, the selection of restaurants and clients. The High Court added that the service offered by Deliveroo is so complex as to be completely beyond the decisional power of any rider. The High Court concluded that riders were not exposed to the risks nor to the profits that characterise entrepreneurial or freelancers activities.
- [Italy : The Court of Parlemo classifies a Glovo rider as employee](https://digitalplatformobservatory.org/legal-case/italy-the-court-of-parlemo-classifies-a-glovo-rider-as-employee/): The Court of Palermo has ruled that the Spanish delivery platform Glovo has to reclassify a courier as a full-time employee. As the relationship between the courier and Glovo was an employee-employer relationship, the Court had Glovo pay the courier an hourly wage instead of remunerating him per delivery. The rider had initially gone to Court – with the help of the local branch of CGIL - to denounce the deactivation of his account.
- [Italy : The Court of Bologna condemns Deliveroo’s algorithm for discrimination](https://digitalplatformobservatory.org/legal-case/italy-the-court-of-bologna-condemns-deliveroos-algorithm-for-discrimination/): On 31 December 2020, the Court of Bologna ruled in favour of the complaint brought by CGIL’s Bologna sections of FILCAMS, NIDIL and FILT. According to the complaint, Deliveroo’s algorithm, called Frank, discriminated workers and restricted their access to working slots following absences for strike, or for health or care reasons. The judge ruled completely in favour of CGIL’s position despite Deliveroo’s hastily modifying the algorithm few days ahead of the ruling. In a circular, CGIL underlined the most significant aspects of the Court’s ruling. These include the fact that the platform is not necessarily blind to the reasons why a worker skips a slot. In cases when it really is blind to such reasons, it is so by deliberate choice. CGIL considered the ruling and the 50 000 euro fine to Deliveroo as an important result.
- [Italy : Reclassification of Uber Eats, Deliveroo and Just Eat riders](https://digitalplatformobservatory.org/legal-case/italy-reclassification-of-uber-eats-deliveroo-and-just-eat-riders/): Following a secret inquiry, the Milan Public Prosecutor's Office has established that the employment relationship of riders working for different digital platforms (Foodinho, Glovo, UberEats, JustEat and Deliveroo) cannot be considered as occasional independent work, but must be reclassified as hetero-organized collaboration. The Court gave the companies 90 days to hire 60,000 workers. In case of failure to do so, the Court would issue an injuction and legal procedures would go ahead. The companies also had to pay fines for 733 million euros over non-respect of health and safety measures. The investigation also revealed that the workers were managed by an IT platform which ranked the riders according to performance, forcing them to accept all orders and preventing them from taking holidays or sick leave. As part of the provision, the companies were also asked to pay riders overdue contributions and provide them with adequate equipment, such as bicycles with lighting or suitable clothing.
- [France : Rejection of the request for requalification as an employment contract – Deliveroo delivery driver – Paris Court of Appeal](https://digitalplatformobservatory.org/legal-case/france-rejection-of-the-request-for-requalification-as-an-employment-contract-deliveroo-delivery-driver-paris-court-of-appeal/): The Paris Court of Appeal rejected the request for the requalification as an employment contract of the service contract concluded by a delivery person with the Deliveroo platform, considering that neither the clauses of the employment contract nor the terms of execution of the employment relationship characterised the existence of a subordination link. The Paris Court of Appeal took into consideration the fact that the service providers choose their working hours and locations and that they can modify or cancel their wishes. Similarly, with regard to the setting of rates by the platform, the court considered that this point is unrelated to the relationship of subordination insofar as any employee and any service provider accepts or refuses to enter into a contract on the basis of the remuneration proposed by his co-contractor. With regard to the presence of a geolocation device, the judges did not accept the argument raised by the plaintiff, as no hierarchical control was, in their view, characterised by a tool that made it possible to monitor the progress of the service, which was inherent in the service requested. These considerations run counter to the position taken by the Court of Cassation in its judgment of 4 March 2020, particularly on geolocation. Mr X, a self-employed contractor, had brought an action before the labour court requesting the requalification of his contract for the provision of services as a contract of employment and claiming various sums in damages and salary adjustments. A service contract had been signed between Mr X and the company on 8 January 2016. By letter dated 30 March 2017, Deliveroo notified the service provider of the termination of his contract. The complainant brought an action before the Paris industrial tribunal on 11 May 2017 seeking to have the service provision contract reclassified as an employment contract and to have Deliveroo France ordered to pay him various sums in damages and back pay. By judgment of 19 December 2017, the Paris labour court dismissed the parties' claims.
- [Milan Public Prosecutor’s Office finds riders are employees](https://digitalplatformobservatory.org/legal-case/requalification-de-livreurs-uber-eats-deliveroo-et-just-eat/): Following a secret investigation, the Milan public prosecutor's office determined that the working relationship of couriers employed by various digital platforms (Foodinho, Glovo, Uber Eats, Just Eat, and Deliveroo) cannot be considered casual self-employment but must be reclassified as organized collaboration.
- [France : Rejection of the request for requalification as an employment contract – Uber driver – Court of Appeal of Lyon](https://digitalplatformobservatory.org/legal-case/france-rejection-of-the-request-for-requalification-as-an-employment-contract-uber-driver-court-of-appeal-of-lyon/): "The Court of Appeal rejected the request to reclassify the commercial relationship as an employment contract between an UBER driver and the Uber platform. The reasons given are that the recommendations made by the platform, which are part of the setting of specifications intended to guarantee the quality and safety of a service, do not characterise the employer's power of direction. The possibility of deactivating the driver's account is not sufficient to characterise the platform's power to sanction, but is "just as much like the ability of an economic actor to break off relations with its co-contractor on the grounds that he has not respected the terms of their agreement. The driver had started working as a VTC driver via the platform in March 2015. In March 2016, Uber suspended the driver's account for a fortnight due to a very high cancellation rate of his rides. His account had been reactivated in April 2016, before being deactivated in 2017. In 2019, the Conseil de prud'hommes de Lyon had declared itself incompetent, in favour of the commercial court (N° F17/01740).
- [France : Reclassification of Uber drivers, Paris Court of appeal](https://digitalplatformobservatory.org/legal-case/france-reclassification-of-uber-drivers-paris-court-of-appeal/): "In a decision dated 12 May 2021 (RG 18/02660), the Paris Court of Appeal ruled that the service contract concluded between UBER BV and a driver had to be requalified as an employment contract. This decision follows the decision of the Court of Cassation of 4 March 2020. In support of its decision, the court noted, among other things, that the driver, by entering into the service contract, "integrated a service organised by Uber, which unilaterally determined the conditions of execution of the service". In addition, the company reserved the right to modify "at any time the calculation of the user rate", the driver having suffered in this case an "average decrease of 20% in rates". Another element that was retained was that Uber had "the power to control the performance of the service and to punish any breaches observed" with regard to its driver. The company used this power against the driver by temporarily disconnecting him following his refusal to accept passengers. From the combination of these elements, the Court of Appeal concluded that an employment contract existed. The driver was awarded €58,000 in various allowances and reimbursement of expenses. The decision is not yet final, as UBER has the option of appealing to the Supreme Court.
The plaintiff had filed a claim with the Paris labour court in November 2016 to assert his rights as an employee (compensation for paid leave, dismissal, concealed work and reimbursement of professional expenses), after the termination of his contract on 16 August 2016. In its judgment of 29 January 2018, the industrial tribunal dismissed all his claims.

## National Developments
- [Food delivery sector collective agreements signed](https://digitalplatformobservatory.org/national-developments/food-delivery-sector-collective-agreements-signed/): The General Workers' Union (GWU) and the Malta Delivery Fleet Operators Association (MDFOA) have signed a series of collective agreements covering Malta's food delivery sector.
- [Concerns raised over shadow workforce in taxi sector](https://digitalplatformobservatory.org/national-developments/concerns-raised-over-shadow-workforce-in-taxi-sector/): Taxi drivers in Bulgaria have raised concerns over a shadow workforce in the sector, undermining pay and conditions.
- [Lieferando riders demand direct employment in Berlin protest](https://digitalplatformobservatory.org/national-developments/lieferando-riders-demand-direct-employment-in-berlin-protest/): Lieferando (Just Eat) riders marched to the German Government's Economy Ministry in Berlin on Wednesday , calling on the government to introduce a direct employment mandate in the platform economy.
- [Union-Indépendants demands Uber Eats and Deliveroo stop “abusive” app deactivations](https://digitalplatformobservatory.org/national-developments/union-independants-demands-uber-eats-and-deliveroo-stop-abusive-app-deactivations/): Union-Indépendants, the section of the CFDT union which represents food delivery couriers, sent a formal notice to Uber Eats and Deliveroo on 11 May 2026, regarding the "abusive" disconnection of riders accounts on the platform.
- [E-Food riders strike in Greece](https://digitalplatformobservatory.org/national-developments/e-food-riders-strike-in-greece/): E-Food riders took strike action across a number of cities in Greece on 12 February 2026.
- [First national Glovo strike in Spain](https://digitalplatformobservatory.org/national-developments/first-national-glovo-strike-in-spain/): A three-day strike by Glovo riders across Spain took place from 24-26 April. Organised by the CCOO union, the strike was historic as it was the first national strike of food delivery couriers in the country.
- [Government publishes strategy to “eliminate precariousness”](https://digitalplatformobservatory.org/national-developments/government-publishes-strategy-to-eliminate-precariousness/): The Slovenian Government published a new strategy to “eliminate precariousness” in 2025, including among platform workers, after a long running campaign from trade unions and campaigners. 
- [Digital Platform Workers’ Union launches in Romania](https://digitalplatformobservatory.org/national-developments/digital-platform-workers-union-launches-in-romania/): The first trade union organisation created specifically for platform workers in Romania was launched on 20 October 2025. 
- [Largest wildcat strike of Uber and Bolt drivers ever in Poland](https://digitalplatformobservatory.org/national-developments/largest-wildcat-strike-of-uber-and-bolt-drivers-ever-in-poland/): A wildcat strike of Uber and Bolt ride hail drivers was described by the organiser, a content creator and driver, as the largest ever in Poland.
- [MoU between unions and food delivery intermediaries agreed](https://digitalplatformobservatory.org/national-developments/mou-between-unions-and-food-delivery-intermediaries-agreed/): The General Workers' Union (GWU) and the Malta Delivery Fleet Operators Association (MDFOA) signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) in December 2025.
- [Launch of Lithuanian Platform Workers’ Union](https://digitalplatformobservatory.org/national-developments/launch-of-lithuanian-platform-workers-union/): The Lithuanian Platform Workers’ Trade Union (LPDPS) was launched in May 2025. It is the result of a merger between the former Courier Association and the Bolt drivers, who were seeking recognition of their labour relations. 
- [Dublin taxi drivers block roads against Uber’s pricing change](https://digitalplatformobservatory.org/national-developments/dublin-taxi-drivers-block-roads-against-ubers-pricing-change/): Taxi drivers blocked roads and went on a 'go slow' in the centre of Dublin on the evening of 3 December 2025, in just the latest protest against Uber's introduction of an 'upfront' fares policy.
- [Food delivery couriers protest in Budapest](https://digitalplatformobservatory.org/national-developments/food-delivery-couriers-protest-in-budapest/): Food delivery couriers in Budapest organised a mass protest in November 2025 against worsening working conditions.
- [Lieferando axe 2,000 jobs in Germany](https://digitalplatformobservatory.org/national-developments/lieferando-axe-2000-jobs-in-germany/): Lieferando (Just Eat Takeaway) cut 2,000 jobs in Germany, as part of a major re-structuring of the country’s largest food delivery platform. 
- [Government study finds riders face widespread health & safety risks](https://digitalplatformobservatory.org/national-developments/government-study-finds-riders-face-widespread-health-safety-risks/): The French Government’s health & safety agency has found that food delivery couriers in the country face widespread risks.
- [State-owned postal company introduces platform pilot project](https://digitalplatformobservatory.org/national-developments/state-owned-postal-company-introduces-platform-pilot-project/): Omniva, the government-owned postal delivery company in Estonia, ran a pilot project organised on a gig economy basis. 
- [Uber re-launches in Denmark and accepts collective agreement](https://digitalplatformobservatory.org/national-developments/uber-re-launches-in-denmark-and-accepts-collective-agreement/): Uber re-entered the Danish ride hail market in May 2025, claiming to be operating fully under Danish taxi regulations this time.
- [Week-long Wolt strike in Cyprus](https://digitalplatformobservatory.org/national-developments/week-long-wolt-strike-in-cyprus/): Wolt food delivery couriers took strike action from 20-26 March 2026, demanding higher pay rates. 
- [Bulgarian labour inspectorate launches campaign against bogus self-employment](https://digitalplatformobservatory.org/national-developments/bulgarian-labour-inspectorate-launches-campaign-against-bogus-self-employment/): The Bulgarian Labour Inspectorate initiated a large-scale campaign at the start of 2026 to investigate working conditions on digital labour platforms.
- [Lieferando sacks all of its riders in Austria](https://digitalplatformobservatory.org/national-developments/lieferando-sacks-all-of-its-riders-in-austria/): Lieferando (Just Eat Takeaway) fired all of its riders in July 2025.
- [Union of journalists and Akava special branches strike collective agreement in the AV sector](https://digitalplatformobservatory.org/national-developments/union-of-journalists-and-akava-special-branches-strike-collective-agreement-in-the-av-sector/): In a historic move, a collective agreement for audiovisual translation agencies has been approved in Finland. Negotiated by the Finnish Association of Translators and Interpreters (SKTL) and the Union of Journalists in Finland on the unions side, and Saga Vera Oy, Pre-Text Oy, Movision Ky and the Rosmer International cooperative on the employers side, the agreement covers a range of issues such as working hours, holidays, and salaries.
- [Konfederacja Pracy organises platform workers in Poland](https://digitalplatformobservatory.org/national-developments/konfederacja-pracy-organises-platform-workers-in-poland/): In October 2022, a trade union of digital labour platform workers has been established in Poland for the first time.
- [Collective agreement Just Eat](https://digitalplatformobservatory.org/national-developments/collective-agreement-just-eat/): In late 2021, the Spanish trade union confederations CCOO and UGT and the digital labour platform Just Eat signed the first collective agreement for such companies in Spain.The agreement has been assessed very positively by the Spanish trade union confederations and it provides for many advancements in rights, with basic monthly salary of 1.269,33 €, and provisions on equality and non-discrimination, equal pay, quota for people with disabilities, and corporate social responsibility. It is worth mentioning the importance given by the agreement to occupational safety and health, where the company undertakes its obligation to assess the potential risks associated to the activity and put forward measures to prevent them (including maximum loads, health surveillance, traffic risks, the provision of personal protective equipment, and training).
- [SRDP – Union of Digital Platform Workers](https://digitalplatformobservatory.org/national-developments/srdp-union-of-digital-platform-workers/): The Digital Platform Workers Trade Union (SRDP in Croatian) was set up in September 2021 with SSSH’s help. The SRDP provides support to workers in platforms by organising training events, encouraging the exchange of best practices and fostering a political discussion on the wider aspects of work in platform companies. In Autumn 2021, the SRDP organised a successful boycott of Uber after the company had a delay in paying its drivers. The action led to immediate payment, but also allowed SRDP to gain visibility and launch dialogue with other platforms. Although still in the early stages of organising, the SRDP can already count on a well-organised group of Glovo drivers. It has initiated dialogue with Glovo and brought to the table several topics and demands. Dialogue with other platforms is still in less advanced stages, but also making progress. SRDP is affiliated to SSSH.
- [Riders Collective](https://digitalplatformobservatory.org/national-developments/riders-collective-2/): The Riders Collective acts as a point of contact between the trade union and delivery riders, and also aims to be their voice to the general public. Reaching out to the diverse group of riders is made easier by the fact that several members of the collective are themselves riders.
- [DiDaNet](https://digitalplatformobservatory.org/national-developments/didanet-2/): The project's objective is to contribute to fair working conditions in the Danube region countries through cooperation between social partners. This should help, on the one hand, to combat precarious working conditions and, on the other hand, to prevent or counter the growing "brain drain" from these countries. To achieve these goals, close cooperation between social partners is crucial. The project focuses on the topic of digitalization in relation to the challenges and opportunities arising from the evolving labor market.
- [Association of internet workers](https://digitalplatformobservatory.org/national-developments/association-of-internet-workers/): The Association of Internet Workers was created in 2020 as a reaction to a Serbian Government’s notice requesting that all internet workers submit reports stating all income earned from 2015 on for taxation-related reasons. The notice implies that a person who had earned 500Eur per month over five years would have to pay at least 13,000Eur in taxes, in one instalment and within a 15-day deadline. The background for this measure is an overall lack of legislation on work for digital companies in a country that ranks 4th in Europe by digital workforce.As a reaction to this notice, the Association of Internet Workers organised rapidly and took action by addressing the government, organising protests and seeking international support. While the Association agrees that taxes should be paid, it opposes the prohibitive rates and it has further demands around the lack of rights for Serbian workers in platform companies. The Association has the support of the two largest trade union organisations in Serbia, CATUS and TUC Nezavisnost.In spring 2021, the Serbian Prime Minister announced a potential new round of negotiations. Aside from this announcement, some amendments of the Law on income taxes were already on the Parliament's agenda.
- [HK – Voocali Agreement](https://digitalplatformobservatory.org/national-developments/hk-voocali-agreement/): On 30 September 2018, the Danish Union HK Privat, representing clerical workers and workers in retail and in related industries, signed a collective agreement with Voocali, a platform providing translation services. The agreement, aimed at ensuring fair wages and good working conditions, was achieved after a five-month negotiation. The main difficulties met in the process mainly concerned the fact that the platform did not see itself as an employer. The agreement applies to all work performed on Voocali’s platform, or at a user’s premises, as long as it is not covered by the collective agreement for salaried employees in trade, knowledge and service. The fact that the agreement applies to all work performed also allows it to bypass problems related to the classification of new forms of contracts. The agreement is composed of four elements, that are a declaration on the basis for entering the agreement, the agreement itself, an appendix on tariffs and a model contract. On wages in particular, the agreement set tariffs based on those by the Danish Ministry for Justice. It foresees annual wage adjustments, and ensures that freelance interpreters are allowed to raise their prices.
- [Trade Unions – Just Eat Agreement](https://digitalplatformobservatory.org/national-developments/trade-unions-just-eat-agreement/): On 29 March 2021, the Italian trade union confederations CGIL, CISL and UIL signed an important agreement with Just Eat. Thanks to this, the Logistics National Collective Bargaining Agreement will apply to Just Eat’s workers. This company’s riders will thus have access to a fair wage, labour rights, as well as social protection, and health and safety protections. The agreement also includes measures on the pay scale of the workers, up to 4,000, that Just Eat plans to progressively involve in the process and recruit. Aside from setting protections and rights for workers, the agreement is also important to Italian trade unions because it clarifies a major point concerning negotiations with multinational companies governing through algorithms: there is no need to create new instruments, as it is sufficient to apply existing ones, such as national collective agreements. Following the conclusion of the confederal agreement, the federations also finalised a company-level agreement defining the transition from a model based on the use of self-employment and precarious work to a fairer organisational model. Parties will also engage in negotiating a performance bonus for the workers. The agreement is also the result of the successful mobilisation by confederations and federations at national and local level over the last years and months, that increased the Italian unions representativeness and capacity to negotiate.
- [The Workers’ Observatory](https://digitalplatformobservatory.org/national-developments/the-workers-observatory/): The Workers’ Observatory is a worker-led collaboration based in Edinburgh, supporting platform and gig workers to develop tools and tactics to build the information and influence they need to become collectively empowered. It is founded by platform workers to ‘monitor new forms of work in the city and develop tools and tactics to take advantage of them. It aims to equip workers to make inquiries as to how wages, time and conditions are determined – all basic information and issues around which workers aim to collectively bargain. Groups of gig workers, supported by academic and union collaborators, are piloting active research projects for informing organising work and identifying issues. These inquiries will also contribute to a wider effort to give platform workers a voice and influence in the development of policy in Scotland.
- [Plateformes en Communs](https://digitalplatformobservatory.org/national-developments/plateformes-en-communs/): « Plateformes en Communs » is a learning community of platforms coops, who share the following principles in their models :
- [GPA-djp – crowdworkers](https://digitalplatformobservatory.org/national-developments/gpa-djp-crowdworkers/): In January 2019, GPA – djp, the Austrian union of private sector employees, printing, journalism and paper, decided to open its membership to crowdworkers - crowdwork is a particular type of platform work that aims to organise the outsourcing of tasks to a large, global pool of online workers. The union decided to do so after observing that labour and social laws were not providing sufficient answers to the issues of crowdwork. These issues, which are mainly caused by the fact that platforms do not see themselves as employers but as intermediaries, include the fact that platforms do not recognise nor pay the time spent by crowdworkers looking for tasks, sick leave and periods when workers can’t find tasks. Furthermore, there are no rules on working hours nor minimum pays for tasks carried out. In order to help crowdworkers facing these issues, GPA-djp serves as a contact point for crowdworkers and offers them oppotrunities for networking and exchange, as well as legal and professional advice. In the execution of these tasks, GPA-djp also aims at understanding the size and dynamics of crowdwork.
- [UGT – Manifesto of intentions – car rental companies](https://digitalplatformobservatory.org/national-developments/ugt-manifesto-of-intentions-car-rental-companies/): In September 2018, UGT signed a manifesto of intentions with the employers’ organisation of car rental companies with drivers, including Cabify, a platform operating in Spain and in 10 other countries. Negotiations on the agreement were launched after drivers got in touch with UGT and informed it of their working situation. The agreement aims at ensuring safe working conditions for all drivers. The agreement aimed to push all platforms, including Uber, to join. The agreement was proof of shared intentions, but it did not set any concrete actions. Nevertheless, it provided the opportunity to start a dialogue which is still ongoing. It also helped to throw light on the situation of workers in that sector and to identify a category of workers that was previously ignored by the institutions. Thanks to this, a collective agreement negotiation table was set up with the aim of regulating working conditions in the future.
- [Sindacato Networkers](https://digitalplatformobservatory.org/national-developments/sindacato-networkers/): Sindacato-Networkers is one of the first trade union platforms to be addressed to ICT professionals and employees in the services sector, and to gig-economy and platform workers. To these workers, Sindacato-Networkers offers a series of services including individual online advice on work-related problems, such as advice and help with fiscal matters. Within the website, a separate section on the gig economy is addressed in particular to riders and offers legal assistance and assistance related to tax obligations, and above all trade union representation vis-à-vis the different platforms. Another section on labour rights includes a forum offering free counselling. In 2017, Sindacato-Networkers launched a permanent observatory. Through a detailed survey addressed at workers in the platform economy, the observatory collects data and information on platform work in Italy and drafts regular reports. During the Covid 19 crisis, Sindacato-Networkers supported riders through dedicated information and by denouncing situations where they were put at risk.
- [NIdiL CGIL](https://digitalplatformobservatory.org/national-developments/nidil-cgil-2/): The CGIL launched its NIdiL (Nuove Identità di Lavoro – New Work Identities) section in 1998 to ensure the representation and protection of atypical workers.
- [FNV Riders Union](https://digitalplatformobservatory.org/national-developments/fnv-riders-union/): The Riders Union FNV was created on the initiative of the Deliveroo couriers, with the support of the youth union FNV Jong. The Riders Union defends the rights of bicycle couriers. It calls for measures in favour of safety, quality of work, as well as the coverage of couriers by a collective labour agreement. It opposed Deliveroo's use, starting summer 2017 , of service contracts in replacement of employment contracts. 
- [Code of Conduct](https://digitalplatformobservatory.org/national-developments/code-of-conduct/): The code of conduct at hand is a self-imposed guideline for prominent crowdsourcing companies that has been initiated by the crowdtesting provider Testbirds and will be continuously developed and improved. Its aim is to create general guidelines about how to act in regards to crowdwork and thereby create a basis for a trusting and fair cooperation between service providers, clients and crowdworkers, supplementary to current legislation. There are still uncertainties concerning the concrete form of cooperation – especially regarding legal aspects as well as the platforms‘ corporate responsibility towards crowdworkers. This code of conduct serves as an orientation to crowdsourcing in its role as a modern method of working. It also aspires to contribute towards a win-win-situation for all persons involved to better fulfill the full potential of this new form of work. The Code of conduct has been agreed upon in Germany in 2015 by eight platforms (e.g. Testbirds, Clickworker, content.de, Crow Guru, Streetspotr, appJobber, ShopScout, and BugFinders) with a view to improving their poor public reputation). The ten principles have been elaborated in cooperation with IG Metall.
- [YouTubers Union and IG Metall  “FairTube” Campaign](https://digitalplatformobservatory.org/national-developments/youtubers-union-and-ig-metall-fairtube-campaign/): YouTubers Union led by a Berlin-based YouTuber   has joined forces with IG Metall to ask YouTube to improve transparency and communication around monetization and views of videos. YouTubers Union and IG Metall launched the formal campaign  FairTube. They are collectively protesting YouTube’s 2017 changes in its advertising rules, elaborating proposals for improved communication, fairness, and transparency, and establishing discussions with YouTube. The proposals of Fairtube : • Publish all categories and decision criteria that affect monetization and views of videos • Give clear explanations for individual decisions — for example, if a video is demonetized, which parts of the video violated which criteria in the Advertiser-Friendly Content Guidelines? • Give YouTubers a human contact person who is qualified and authorized to explain decisions that have negative consequences for YouTubers (and fix them if they are mistaken) • Let YouTubers contest decisions that have negative consequences • Create an independent mediation board for resolving disputes (here the Ombuds Office of the Crowdsourcing Code of Conduct can offer relevant lessons) • Formal participation of YouTubers in important decisions, for example through a YouTuber Advisory Board
- [Advice for Self-Employed](https://digitalplatformobservatory.org/national-developments/advice-for-self-employed/): Ver.di offers self-employed individuals special information,
support and an opportunity to become actively involved.
Concerning platform workers, the measure develops on the idea to elaborate some recommendations for action for unionists about what to do for crowd work.On the basis of a survey with unions’ officials and works councils in 2016, it came out IT and telecommunications are those activities more exposed to crowd work, whilst the survey also highlighted many unionists actually did not know what crowd work is.
- [La Pajara](https://digitalplatformobservatory.org/national-developments/la-pajara-2/): La Pajara is a bicycle delivery cooperative within the Coopcycle federation. It was created in early 2018, following the movement and protests against Deliveroo. The project was developed in collaboration with Coopcycle and launched in October 2018, with La Pajara launching its first collaborative projects and acquiring clients. Today, two people work full-time and two others part-time.
- [Agreement between Bzzt and the Swedish Transport Workers’ Union](https://digitalplatformobservatory.org/national-developments/agreement-between-bzzt-and-the-swedish-transport-workers-union/): The agreement between the transportation (by small, electric, three-wheeled moped) start-up  Bzzt and the Swedish Transport Workers’ Union allows Bzzt drivers to be covered by the Taxi Agreement, which gives the workers access to the same standards as traditional taxi drivers. Unlike many platform companies, the drivers in Bzzt are offered  marginal part-time contracts.  The start-up Bzzt was launched in 2017, the agreement was signed in 2018.
- [Deliveroo Works Council in Cologne and other German cities](https://digitalplatformobservatory.org/national-developments/deliveroo-works-council-in-cologne-and-other-german-cities/): In January 2018, Deliveroo riders in Cologne announced that they would hold works council elections in February. Despite Deliveroo’s resistance to this initiative, including the dismissal of permanent staff and erasing the internal chat allowing workers to organise shifts, elections led to the setting up of the first Deliveroo works council in Germany. Riders had started organising for elections at the beginning of 2018 through the facebook page « Liefern am Limit » (Deliveries at the limit). During the first campaign, Liefern am Limit cooperated with NGG, a German trade union active in the food, beverages and catering sectors, of which, in November 2018, it became a partner initiative. In the two years since the creation of Liefern am Limit, other works council have followed the first one. Since Deliveroo has left the German market, works councils are now established at the platform Lieferando in Stuttgart, Nurnberg, Frankfurt, and Nord (Hamburg, Bremen and Kiel). The ultimate goal of Liefern am Limit is to improve couriers’ working conditions and strengthen workers voice in platforms.
- [Foodora works council in Cologne and other German cities](https://digitalplatformobservatory.org/national-developments/foodora-works-council-in-cologne-and-other-german-cities/): Foodora riders in Cologne elected their first works council in Summer 2017. This was also the first works council to be elected by riders of the platform economy in Germany. Foodora’s riders in Cologne started organising through a Whatsapp group chat, but soon went to NGG, a German trade union active in the food, beverages and catering sectors, for advice. The main result of this exchange was the idea of establishing a works council, whose elections were then organised and held with the help of NGG. Demands that brought riders to organise in the first place concerned repair and other costs that were not reimbursed by the platform, time dedicated to work outside shifts that was not remunerated, as well as doubts concerning the use of algorhythms by the platform. Following the successful establishment of the works council in Cologne, others followed in different German cities.
- [GMB](https://digitalplatformobservatory.org/national-developments/gmb/): Hermes’ self-employed couriers now have the option to take holiday pay and have guaranteed earnings following a groundbreaking deal between the leading consumer delivery company and GMB Union. In early 2019, GMB (a union affiliated to the TUC) and the delivery company Hermes signed the first-ever collective bargaining agreement in the UK for self-employed couriers in the platform economy. The agreement aims at supporting the rights of self-employed people providing courier services to Hermes. Hermes couriers can now choose to become ‘self-employed plus’, which provides a number of benefits such as holiday pay (pro-rata up to 28 days), and individually negotiated pay rates that allow couriers to earn at least £8.55 per hour over the year. The agreement was achieved after 200 Hermes drivers took the platform to court and the employment tribunal, in Summer 2018, recognised they were workers and not self-employed.
- [The Independent Workers’ Union of Great Britain (IWGB)](https://digitalplatformobservatory.org/national-developments/the-independent-workers-union-of-great-britain-iwgb/): The Independent Workers’ Union of Great Britain (IWGB) represents mainly low paid migrant workers, such as outsourced cleaners and security guards, and platform workers. IWGB was founded in August of 2012, and its branches undertake attractive campaigns for better pay and conditions. IWGB has taken to court several platform operators on a range of employment matters, among which it is worth mentioning the litigation establishing private hire drivers and couriers as limb (b) workers, entitling them to a range of employment rights denied to them by their employers. On 23 March 2020, IWGB announced that the union would sue the Government to denounce that statutory sick pay arrangements in the light of the coronavirus spread discriminate against workers from ethnic minorities, women and workers in the so-called “gig economy”. The union pleas that the government's 80% wage subsidies for employees further discriminate against “gig-economy” and self-employed workers who are excluded from the scheme. Fruther to this action, the union launched a £20,000 crowdfunder to protect itself from potential legal costs.
- [Collective Bargaining Agreements to regulate gig work](https://digitalplatformobservatory.org/national-developments/collective-bargaining-agreements-to-regulate-gig-work/): Unionen, which organises white-collar workers within the private sector in Sweden, sees Swedish platform firms’ intentions to be serious actors on the labour market. A few have already signed collective bargaining agreements, and Unionen is negotiating with others. Two of the CBA:s are in the Temporal Work sector. The rationale for platform firms to sign collective bargaining agreements seems to be threefold. Firstly, these firms appear to have a genuine ambition of being a good employer, a factor often overlooked in the negative reporting on platform firms. Secondly, their business model is to attract other firms as customers, actually making themselves employers of workers who sign up for tasks with customer firms. These customer firms often have policies safeguarding against precarious work, encouraging or obliging them to work with platform firms with similar policies. Thirdly, platform white-collar workers in the private sector (often workers with specific skills or students looking for an extra income)  know their worth, meaning they demand of platforms to be transparent and accessible and to ensure decent pay.
- [Syndicom and Mila Code of Conduct](https://digitalplatformobservatory.org/national-developments/syndicom-and-mila-code-of-conduct/): Syndicom, the Swiss trade union for media and communication sectors, and Mila, a platform providing repair and tech services, signed a code of conduct in February 2019. It is the first such code in Switzerland. The code of conduct includes 8 principles aimed at creating trust and fairness in relations between the platform and the workers. These principles are: Legality of projects; Clarification of the legal position; Motivating and good work; Respectful dealings with others (which includes the right to collective representation and bargaining); clear definition of tasks and reasonable scheduling; Freedom and flexibility; constructive feedback and open communication; data protection and privacy. So far, the code of conduct has been successful in ensuring that regular exchanges take place among social partners. While at the beginning of 2020 Mila’s code of conduct is still the only initiative of this kind in Switzerland, other platforms may follow the example and are undertaking discussions with Syndicom.
- [Feel à Vélo](https://digitalplatformobservatory.org/national-developments/feel-a-velo-2/): Feel à Vélo is part of the Coopcycle cooperative federation. It is a solidarity company in the Pays de Lorient region that employs bicycle messengers, a branch of the solidarity company Optim-ism, the organic vegetable baskets. It wishes to participate in the ecological transition by using a practical and non-polluting means of transport for your deliveries in urban areas.
- [Neighborhood development committee  Stains](https://digitalplatformobservatory.org/national-developments/neighborhood-development-committee-stains/): The Stains neighbourhood commitee is part of the Coopcycle cooperative federation. It is an integration structure in the north of Seine-Saint-Denis, near to Paris, intervening in several areas (cleaning, roads-green spaces, buildings, cycling). In parallel with these commercial activities, the neighbourhood authority strengthens social link, the participation of residents and the associative dynamic via social and innovative activities, while responding to environmental issues. The main delivery activity is the transport of goods from an import cooperative to a retail cooperative.
- [FairCrowdWork.at](https://digitalplatformobservatory.org/national-developments/faircrowdwork-at/): FairCrowdWork is a joint initiative of IG Metall, the Austrian Chamber of Labour, the Austrian Trade Union Confederation, and the Swedish White-Collar Workers' Union, in collaboration with R&D partners Encountering Tech and M&L Communication Marketing.
- [FairCrowdWork.de](https://digitalplatformobservatory.org/national-developments/faircrowdwork-de-2/): FairCrowdWork is a joint initiative of IG Metall, the Austrian Chamber of Labour, the Austrian Trade Union Confederation, and the Swedish White-Collar Workers' Union, in collaboration with R&D partners Encountering Tech and M&L Communication Marketing.
- [3F – Hilfr](https://digitalplatformobservatory.org/national-developments/3f-hilfr-2/): The initiative began with a one-year pilot agreement between the Danish trade union 3F and Hilfr, a Danish platform offering home cleaning services. At the time the agreement was signed, Hilfr had approximately 450 workers and 1,700 clients.
- [Austrian collective agreement for couriers](https://digitalplatformobservatory.org/national-developments/austrian-collective-agreement-for-couriers/): The collective agreement for bicycle couriers and food delivery operators was negotiated between the Austrian Transport and Services Union Vida and the Association for freight transport with the Austrian Chamber of Commerce. The agreement, finalised in September 2019 and entered into force on 1st January 2020, was the first collective agreement for bicycle couriers in the world. It grants a 1,506 € salary per month for 40-hour weeks, the customary additional 13th and 14th months pay, and compensation to riders for the use of private bicycles and mobile phones which are necessary to carry out the deliveries. The agreement was celebrated as an important step. However, it only applied to workers with an employed status, while the vast majority of couriers and riders have a self-employed status. For this reason, according to riders involved in the negotiations, future efforts will have to focus on the self-employed working for platforms. 
- [Riders x Derechos](https://digitalplatformobservatory.org/national-developments/riders-x-derechos/): Riders x Derechos was created by Deliveroo riders joining forces to denounce their irregular status as bogus self-employed and their working conditions. Since 2017, 14 workers have died in accidents while delivering food, which has led to several punch actions : burning backpacks in front of the platform’s headquarters, informing the public and rallying the riders to make their voice heard and improve their working conditions. In June 2019, the riders obtained a first victory: they sued the platform and the Social Court recognised the official status of worker, forcing companies to pay social security contributions since 2017, totalling €160,000. Using social media, Riders x Derechos wants to bring the rest of the riders, as well as restaurants, customers and citizens, closer to the decision-making process and make their situation more visible.
- [Tu respuesta syndical YA](https://digitalplatformobservatory.org/national-developments/tu-respuesta-syndical-ya/): Tu respuesta sindical YA was created in September 2017 by affiliates of the Spanish Trade Union UGT to allow platform workers find answers to their questions. The initiative was launched in reaction to the deregulation of working conditions by platforms, that exploit workers and only offer precarious working conditions. The initiative consists in a website, which is seen as a multifunctional tool. Through a dedicated section, the website answers workers’ – including platform workers - questions and doubts concerning their working condition. The website is also a tool to denounce the situation, to pass information, and a place for organising. In 2019, Tu respuesta sindical YA received more than ninety requests per month, mainly by platform workers, and contacts increased exponentially in 2020 with the outbreak of the Covid 19 pandemics. However, UGT’s work is not limited exclusively to the Internet. UGT also carries out intense field work and attends to many questions by whatsapp, which has proven to be another channel of intense communication.So far, action in defense of platform workers in Spain has led to some significant victories, the most important of which are a series of court rulings that recognised the working relationship of different workers of digital platforms. Some milestone rulings include a macro-trial trial in Madrid that affected more than 500 delivery men and women. On that occasion, UGT worked in coordination with the unions CCOO and CNT, the movement "Riders x derechos" and other groups of delivery workers. Other important cases led to the recognition of the rights to strike and demonstrate and of a sectoral collective bargaining agreement.
- [Charter of fundamental rights of digital labour in the urban context](https://digitalplatformobservatory.org/national-developments/charter-of-fundamental-rights-of-digital-labour-in-the-urban-context/): The “Charter of fundamental rights of digital labour in the urban context” is the first agreement of its kind. It was signed in Bologna on 31 May 2018 following negotiations between Riders Union Bologna , the Italian Trade Unions CGIL, CISL and UIL, the Municipality of Bologna, and the platforms Mymenu and Sgnam, later followed by Domino’s pizza. The Charter is organised around four Chapters covering general provisions, the right to be informed, the right to protection - including to a fair wage, health and safety, protection of personal data, and the right to disconnect – and support from the public administration. The charter is not binding and only those who sign it – on a voluntary basis - must observe it. Both trade unions and the administration of Bologna now aim at extending the Charter to other municipalities in Italy, possibly also by creating a dedicated network.
- [UNITED FREELANCERS](https://digitalplatformobservatory.org/national-developments/united-freelancers/): ACV –CSC has been
cooperating since beginning 2017 with the “Collectif
des coursiers” to defend and try to negotiate with Deliveroo and Uber Eats
in order to improve the working conditions of those workers.  It has
especially covered : - Organisation of various  meetings with
couriers to forge a “union spirit”, set-up and validate lists of demands,
negotiation goals, organize protest actions, etc.
- Several negotiation meetings with Deliveroo despite no comprenhensive
agreement has been reached up to now with this platform On this basis, in
2019, ACV-CSC set up in 2019 a dedicated team for support of platform workers
and, more broadly, all new forms of employment (embedded self-employed, etc.).
This team is called “United Freelancers”. The United Freelancers website
provide with information and services as well as possibilities to affiliate to
the CSC union
- [Austrian workers’ council at Foodora](https://digitalplatformobservatory.org/national-developments/austrian-workers-council-at-foodora/): When the platform first arrived in Austria in the autumn of 2015, most couriers were directly employed under traditional contracts of service.

## Platform Work Directive
- [Greece](https://digitalplatformobservatory.org/platform-work-directive/greece/): The Ministry of Labour is the responsible body for the transposition of the Platform Work Directive, but in practise the ministry of Digital Governance has taken a leading role in the transposition.
- [Germany](https://digitalplatformobservatory.org/platform-work-directive/germany/): Consultation with social partners on a draft proposal for transposition of the Platform Work Directive remain ongoing.
- [Romania](https://digitalplatformobservatory.org/platform-work-directive/romania/): The BNS platform workers' union has been very active in proposing a draft law to the labour ministry. The ministry was very receptive to the BNS' proposal but the employers' organisation has now made it's own proposals aimed at reducing worker protections, and some of those proposals may have ended in the ministry's draft.
- [Sweden](https://digitalplatformobservatory.org/platform-work-directive/sweden/): The Swedish Government has held consultations with the social partners and published its draft proposal for a platform work law on 12 January 2026. 
- [Spain](https://digitalplatformobservatory.org/platform-work-directive/spain/): The social dialogue process for the transposition of the Platform Work Directive has not yet begun, unions are waiting to hear from the Labour Ministry about this. The transposition will take the form of a new law.
- [Cyprus](https://digitalplatformobservatory.org/platform-work-directive/cyprus/): The process for the transposition of the Platform Work Directive has not yet started. Unions are waiting for the government to initiate social dialogue.
- [Slovenia](https://digitalplatformobservatory.org/platform-work-directive/slovenia/): An election took place in March 2026, a new government has yet to be formed, and it is unlikely that there will be much progress on the transposition of the Platform Work Directive before the new government is in place.
- [Slovakia](https://digitalplatformobservatory.org/platform-work-directive/slovakia/): The Slovakian labour ministry has drafted a proposal for a general legal presumption of employment in the platform economy. The draft proposal reads:
- [Portugal](https://digitalplatformobservatory.org/platform-work-directive/portugal/): The Portuguese Government presented a preliminary draft proposal for the transposition of the Platform Work Directive in July 2025 called 'Work XXI'. The proposal would significantly weaken the current legal presumption of employment in the platform economy in Portugal, which was introduced in 2023, as the criteria to trigger the presumption is changed and is significantly harder for the platform worker to meet. It is questionable whether it would be compliant with the Platform Work Directive as a result.
- [Poland](https://digitalplatformobservatory.org/platform-work-directive/poland/): The Ministry of Labour Law is responsible for the transposition of PWD in Poland. The transposition includes a consultation process with social partners, which is ongoing.
- [Netherlands](https://digitalplatformobservatory.org/platform-work-directive/netherlands/): The Dutch Government has published a draft Platform Work Act which can be accessed here.
- [Malta](https://digitalplatformobservatory.org/platform-work-directive/malta/): In 2022, Malta established a general, unconditional presumption of employment in the platform economy. The law states:
- [Luxembourg](https://digitalplatformobservatory.org/platform-work-directive/luxembourg/): Luxembourg published a Bill to transpose the Platform Work Directive on 10 February 2026. 
- [Lithuania](https://digitalplatformobservatory.org/platform-work-directive/lithuania/): The Ministry  of Social Affairs and Labour is the responsible body for developing legislation for the transposition of the Directive. They have held meetings with social partners for months and the draft proposal is likely to be published soon. 
- [Latvia](https://digitalplatformobservatory.org/platform-work-directive/latvia/): The labour ministry has held meetings with the social partners but no Platform Work Directive proposal has yet been released.
- [Italy](https://digitalplatformobservatory.org/platform-work-directive/italy/): The Italian Government published the 1 May Decree, which has to be made into an Act within 60 days. The 1 May Decree includes four articles which relate to platform work, and is likely the starting point for the transposition of the EU Platform Work Directive, although these articles are by no means comprehensive of PWD, and articles 13-15 are currently only designed for riders, not all platform workers.
- [Ireland](https://digitalplatformobservatory.org/platform-work-directive/ireland/): The consultation process with social partners for the transposition of the Platform Work Directive was initiated at the start of 2026 and later withdrawn.
- [Hungary](https://digitalplatformobservatory.org/platform-work-directive/hungary/): The Hungarian Government is not working on the transposition of the Platform Work Directive and there has been no consultation with social partners as of yet.
- [France](https://digitalplatformobservatory.org/platform-work-directive/france/): The General Directorate of Labour (DGT) the General Directorate of Enterprises (DGE) are the two competent authorities for the transposition of the Platform Work Directive. 
- [Finland](https://digitalplatformobservatory.org/platform-work-directive/finland/): The Ministry of Economic Affairs and Employment is the competent body for the transposition of PWD. Representatives of the central trade unions have participated in a tripartite implementation working group for the transposition.
- [Estonia](https://digitalplatformobservatory.org/platform-work-directive/estonia/): The Estonian Government has published a draft proposal for a platform work law which platforms and unions have responded to with their input. The consultation stage closed at the end of March 2026.
- [Denmark](https://digitalplatformobservatory.org/platform-work-directive/denmark/): Working group talks continue between the employment ministry and the social partners about the transposition of the Platform Work Directive.
- [Czech Republic](https://digitalplatformobservatory.org/platform-work-directive/czechia/): The Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs has consulted with social partners and developed a draft proposal for the transposition of the Platform Work Directive which would change the definition of dependent work in Czech Republic. This proposal is currently under public consultation.
- [Croatia](https://digitalplatformobservatory.org/platform-work-directive/croatia/): A government working group including social partners is being establish for the transposition. It’s unclear as yet what the proposals are likely to be coming from the government. 
- [Bulgaria](https://digitalplatformobservatory.org/platform-work-directive/bulgaria/): The Economic and Social Council of the Republic of Bulgaria adopted in March 2025 an Analysis on the Directive on the improvement of working conditions in platform work.
- [Belgium](https://digitalplatformobservatory.org/platform-work-directive/belgium/): Consultations with the social partners at the National Work Council have taken place on the Platform Work Directive. Additionally, meetings have been held with the competent ministries (the ministry of work, ministry of social security and social affairs and the ministry of justice).
- [Austria](https://digitalplatformobservatory.org/platform-work-directive/austria/): The labour and social affairs ministry is the competent authority for transposition of the Platform Work Directive. The ministry has held meetings with social partners on its proposals for the legislative text. The transposition will take the form of a new law.